Project phases of IPD
In this post I briefly discuss about each phase and what the main goals of the project are. I will also include building information modeling toolset as most of IPD projects involve BIM and it helps to increase efficiency of collaboration in the integrated teams. You can see the interesting example of phases made by Autodesk using BIM. It is very easy to understand and well-illustrated.
And now I will describe each phase of Integrated project delivery. Be prepared, it will be quite long post :)
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Conceptualization
The first phase is conceptualization. It begins with determination of what kind of building is to be built and how and who will build it. This phase involves all key participants in the programming process obtaining input from as many participants as possible. Compared to Danish phases and their objectives, it can relate to inception, brief and outline phases altogether. So now I will describe each responsibility in this phase.
General goals:
- Cost is developed earlier and in greater detail than in traditional project methods. Costs may be linked to Building Information Model to allow adaptive cost assessment of design decisions.
- Integrated team develop performance goals, agreements, key parameters and communication technologies.
- Preliminary schedule is developed and linked to developing model.
Criteria design
During this phase, different options are evaluated and tested. In a project using Building Information Modelling, the model can be used to test “what if” scenarios and determine the team main decisions. This phase can relate to scheme design of Danish project.
General goals:
- Design decisions are made on a “best for project” basis and project model is tied to cost model.
- Scope is fixed, price is fixed, owner signs off on what will be built allowing the team to evolve and optimize the design.
- Further develop preliminary schedule – schedule is better informed due to collaborative approach and responsibilities to schedule are stronger.
- Agreement is reached on tolerances between trades to enable prefabrication.
Detailed design
The Detailed Design phase concludes the WHAT phase of the project. During this phase, all key design decisions are finalized. Detailed Design under IPD comprises much of what is left to the Construction Documents phase under traditional practice, thus the Detailed Design phase involves significantly more effort than the traditional Design Development phase.[1]
In other words, detailed phase of IPD includes part of finalizing agreements from detailed design 2 of traditional method.
General goals:
- At the end of design development, the design intent is fully, unambiguously defined, coordinated and justified.
- The integrated detailed design phase period is longer and more intense than traditional design development because more is accomplished.
- All major building systems are defined, including furnishings, fixtures and equipment.
- All building elements are coordinated and fully engineered. The team will collaborate to resolve any conflicts.
- Subcontractor and vendor insight is integrated into design and used for coordination and conflict resolution.
- Specifications are developed based on prescribed and agreed systems.
Implementation documentation
In this phase the goal is to complete the documentation of how the design will be realized.
The traditional drawing process is merged into this phase as constructors, trade contractors and suppliers document how systems and structure will be created. In addition, this phase generates the documents that third parties will use for permitting, financing and regulatory purposes. Because the Detailed Design phase concludes with the design and all building systems “fully and unambiguously defined, coordinated and validated,” the Implementation Documents phase comprises less effort than the traditional Construction Documents phase.[2]
So compared to Detailed Design 2 of Danish project phase, ID takes less efforts.
General goals:
- At the beginning of Implementation Documents phase the entire project and all its systems are fully defined and coordinated.
- Prefabrication of some systems can begin because the project model is sufficiently fixed (object sizes and positions are frozen) to allow prefabrication to start.
- The specification provides description documentation of the design is set to wherever necessary.
- Preparation of construction is enabled through 4D.
- Cost is finalized through 5D.
- Preparing Implementation Documents including information for procurement, assembly, layout, detailed schedule, procedural information, legal requirements.
Agency review
Agency Review starts in Criteria Design and becomes firmer during the final review. This early involvement minimizes required changes to the design when project is submitted for permit.
General goals:
- The integrated process will require builders and trades to be involved in preliminary reviews of documents and responses to commentaries because they will have developed parts of the project model.
- Acquiring all necessary permits and approvals.
Buyout
IPD assumes early involvement of key trade contractors and vendors, so buyout of work packages they provide occurs through development of prices throughout the design phases, culminating at the conclusion of Implementation Documents. Accelerated project definition during Criteria and Detailed Design allows early commitment for procurement of long lead, custom, or prefabricated items. The IPD Buyout phase is much shorter than under traditional delivery methods, since most work is already contracted for.[3]
General goals:
- To be sure that everything is ready for project to be completed such as required work units, materials and equipment.
Construction
In the Construction phase, the benefits of the integrated process are realized. For architects under traditional delivery models, construction contract administration is considered the final stage of design—the last chance to address issues and achieve solutions. But in Integrated Project Delivery, the design and its implementation are finalized during the Detailed Design and Implementation Documents phases. Thus, construction contract administration is primarily a quality control and cost monitoring function. Because of the greater effort put into the design phases, construction under IPD will be much more efficient[4]
General goals:
- Less on-site construction administration work needed because conflicts have been resolved virtually (means BIM).
- Better understanding of design because coherent information and documentation will be available to all participants.
- More pre-fabrication because the design was developed earlier and in collaboration with the contractor.
- Less waste because more material are prefabricated.
- A schedule tied to the model to allow visualization of deviations from planned sequences and durations.
- Warranty operation and maintenance information may be added into the project model.
- Some elements of current construction administration will remain similar to current practice:
- Quality control, inspection and testing will be relatively unchanged.
- Changes within the agreed project scope will be virtually eliminated, but owner-directed changes will need to be formally negotiated.
- Scheduling and progress will be periodically reviewed.
Closeout
Closeout of an integrated project greatly depends upon the business terms agreed by the parties. For example, if the business structure contains compensation incentives or penalties, the closeout includes calculation of appropriate credits or deducts. Some issues, however, such as warranty obligations, occupancy, and completion notification, remain unchanged due to statutory and legal requirements. Other issues, such as punch list correction, are not significantly affected by integrated project delivery.[6]
General goals:
- A more complete building information model will be provided to the owner for their long term use for building maintenance and up-keep.
- Traditional guarantees will remain for installation quality and defective products.
- The BIM model will be integrated into the building operation and maintenance phase. Also it can be used to compare actual to planned performance.
So thanks to this post now we know which phases we have in IPD and what we need to do. Then everything seems understandable and clear, however some of you can still have several doubts and can ask yourself very important question: Why? Well well not everything in one go my dear readers ;) I already have a post of Traditional project method vs IPD and I also will add some more, that you would check the IPD benefits. Eventually the most powerful team is the one who keeps together and by that I mean Integrated team:)
[1] Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide by AIA p. 26
[3] Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide p. 29
[4] Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide p. 30
[5] Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide p. 30
[6] Integrated Project Delivery: A Guide p. 31
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